文献类型：期刊文献

英文题名：Engineering strategies and decision frameworks for virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases

作者：Liu, YiYan[1];Zhang, Yanan[2];Liang, Lijuan[3];Zhang, Han[4];Zhang, Tianjiao[2];Rong, Xifeng[5];Tan, JiYing[5];Mi, Youjun[1]

第一作者：Liu, YiYan

通信作者：Mi, YJ[1];Tan, JY[2]

机构：[1]Lanzhou Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Pathophysiol, Lanzhou, Peoples R China;[2]Lanzhou Univ, Hosp 1, Lanzhou, Peoples R China;[3]Gansu Univ Chinese Med, Clin Med Sch 1, Lanzhou, Peoples R China;[4]Lanzhou Univ, Cuiying Honors Coll, Lanzhou, Peoples R China;[5]Lanzhou Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Lanzhou, Peoples R China

第一机构：Lanzhou Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Pathophysiol, Lanzhou, Peoples R China

通信机构：[1]corresponding author), Lanzhou Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Pathophysiol, Lanzhou, Peoples R China;[2]corresponding author), Lanzhou Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Lanzhou, Peoples R China.

年份：2026

卷号：17

外文期刊名：FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY

收录：;Scopus(收录号：2-s2.0-105041539694);WOS:【SCI-EXPANDED(收录号:WOS:001758154500001)】；

基金：The author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. This work was supported by the National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Lanzhou University (No. 20250000001), the Innovation Fund Project for College Teachers of the Gansu Provincial Education Department (No. 2022B-118), the Key R&D Project of Gansu Academy of Sciences (No. 2024ZDYF-05), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (No. 25JRRA400), the Demonstration Course for Teaching Reform of Lanzhou University (Grant Nos. JXGG-2021244459 and 2021255537), and the Gansu Provincial Public Health Research Project for Disease Control and Prevention (No. GSJKKY2025-29).

语种：英文

外文关键词：antigen display; infectious diseases; nucleic acid delivery; vaccines; virus-like particles (VLPs)

摘要：Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as a versatile and clinically validated platform for developing safe, effective vaccines against infectious diseases. However, the expanding toolkit of VLP engineering strategies-spanning genetic fusion, modular conjugation, and nucleic acid encapsulation-creates a critical need for a rational selection framework to match technological strengths with specific vaccine objectives. This review addresses this gap by constructing a comparative decision-making framework centered on four core engineering dimensions: cargo flexibility, loading specificity, functional efficiency, and manufacturability. We systematically juxtapose two principal technology streams: (1) the display of protein antigens (through genetic, chemical, and bio-conjugation) and (2) the encapsulation of nucleic acid cargo (via physical, electrostatic, and programmable packaging mechanisms), evaluating each within this unified framework. This technological dissection is directly linked to the development landscape of VLP-based vaccines against major pathogens-including HBV, HPV, malaria, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2-illustrating how strategic choices at the engineering level fundamentally underpin immunogenic potency and translational success. By sequentially considering immunological objectives, antigen compatibility, surface display modality, interior cargo integration, and manufacturing constraints, this framework facilitates rational, stepwise VLP vaccine design. Looking forward, we discuss emerging trends toward modular and computationally guided platforms for antigen placement and scaffold design. By integrating a structured technology assessment with translational insights, this review aims to provide a practical roadmap for the rational design and accelerated development of next-generation, broadly protective VLP-based vaccines. A unified analytical framework for rational VLP platform matching. The roadmap illustrates the trade-off logic between two principal technology streams-protein antigen display and nucleic acid encapsulation-evaluated across four core engineering dimensions: cargo flexibility, loading specificity, functional efficiency, and manufacturability. By integrating these engineering considerations with translational outcomes and AI-driven computational design, this cycle provides a structured pathway for the development of next-generation VLP-based vaccines. Circular diagram summarizing the development and application of VLP-based vaccine technologies, featuring protein and nucleic acid delivery technologies, an evaluation radar chart, icons for diseases including HBV, Influenza, HPV, Malaria, and SARS-CoV-2, and use of AI or computational design for a forward-looking roadmap.