文献类型：期刊文献

中文题名：经典名方中牵牛子的本草考证

英文题名：Herbal Textual Research on Pharbitidis Semen in Famous Classical Formulas

作者：杨莉萍[1];郭旭东[1];席少阳[1];马晓辉[1];詹志来[2];晋玲[1]

第一作者：杨莉萍

机构：[1]甘肃中医药大学药学院,兰州730000;[2]中国中医科学院中药资源中心,北京100700

第一机构：甘肃中医药大学药学院（西北中藏药协同创新中心办公室）

年份：2024

卷号：30

期号：6

起止页码：179

中文期刊名：中国实验方剂学杂志

外文期刊名：Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae

收录：CSTPCD;;Scopus;北大核心:【北大核心2023】；CSCD:【CSCD2023_2024】；

基金：中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A03702);中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302);道地药材生态种植及质量保障项目(国中医药科技[2020]153号)。

语种：中文

中文关键词：经典名方;牵牛子;基原;本草考证;品质评价;炮制;临床禁忌

外文关键词：famous classical formulas;Pharbitidis Semen;origin;herbal textual research;quality evaluation;processing;clinical contraindication

摘要：该文通过查阅古代本草、医籍、方书并结合近现代文献资料,对牵牛子药材的名称、基原、产地分布、品质、采收加工与炮制、性味功效及配伍禁忌等进行了系统的本草考证,为相关经典名方的开发与利用提供参考依据。经考证可知,牵牛子始载于《名医别录》,历代皆以“牵牛子”为正名,主流来源为旋花科植物裂叶牵牛Pharbitis nil干燥成熟种子,古今一致;明代《本草纲目》中最早记载的“白牵牛”与今圆叶牵牛P.purpurea相似;古代最早著录的产地为今湖北襄阳一带,其后著录中产地增至全国各地;以颗粒饱满,无杂质者为佳;采收时间古代多为九月,今则多在秋季果实成熟采收,晒干除去杂质备用;古代炮制方法以“酒蒸法、蒸炒至半生半熟、研取头末”为主,近代以来多简化为“清炒法”;性味、归经及功效也随着实践的不断深入而变化和补充,明代前均为“苦、寒,有毒”,明代出现了“辛、热,小毒”之性,功效历经“主下气,治脚满水肿,除风毒,利小便”至“利水通便,祛痰逐饮,消积杀虫”的演变;临床禁忌主要为脾肾虚弱者禁用、脾胃虚弱者禁用、孕妇禁用、不宜同巴豆、巴豆霜同用。基于考证结论,建议开发以牵牛子为主要原料的经典名方时,明确其来源应为旋花科植物裂叶牵牛Pharbitis nil的干燥成熟种子(黑丑系其黑褐色种子,白丑系其米黄色种子),原方中注明炮制要求者皆按要求炮制,未注明要求建议生品入药。
By consulting the ancient and modern literature,the textual research of Pharbitidis Semen has been conducted to clarify the name,origin,distribution of production areas,quality specification,harvesting,processing and so on,so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the relevant famous classical formulas.Through textual research,it can be seen that Pharbitidis Semen was first published in Mingyi Bielu(《名医别录》),and all dynasties have taken Qianniuzi as the correct name.Based on the original research,the main source of Pharbitidis Semen used in previous dynasties is the dried mature seeds of Pharbitis nil,which is consistent in ancient and modern times.The white Pharbitidis Semen appearing in Compendium of Materia Medica(《本草纲目》)from Ming dynasty is similar to the present P.purpurea.It is produced all over the country,and the quality is better if the particles are full and free of impurities.In ancient times,the harvesting time was mostly in the September.Now it is autumn.The fruits are ripe and harvested,dried to remove impurities for standby.In ancient times,the processing methods of Pharbitidis Semen were mainly wine steaming,steaming and frying until half cooked and grinding the head and end.In modern times,they have been simplified to stir-frying method.The nature,taste,meridian tropism and their effects also change supplements with the deepening of practice.Before the Ming dynasty,they were all bitter,cold and toxic.In the Ming dynasty,there appeared the characteristics of pungent,hot and small poisonous.The efficacy has evolved from controlling low Qi,curing foot edema,removing wind toxin,and facilitating urination to facilitating water and defecation,eliminating phlegm and drinking,and eliminating accumulated insects.The main clinical contraindications are those with weak spleen and kidney,those with weak spleen and stomach,pregnant women,and should not be used with croton and croton cream.Based on the textual research,it is suggested that when developing the classic famous formula with Pharbitidis Semen as the main raw material in the future,it is clear that the source should be the dried mature seeds of Pharbitis nil(black product is its black-brown seeds,white product is its beige seeds).The processing requirements indicated in the original formula are all processed according to the requirements,and the raw product is recommended to be used as medicine if not specified.